Picture: silver-washed fritillary male. Click here for more July butterfly, moth and insect photos. For more information on butterflies and moths see the Butterfly Conservation website.
Butterflies abound in July - on downland, grassland, path verges, and even in woodland. In fact, this is the best month in the year for spotting and identifying these beautiful creatures - so long as the weather is fine: with a few exceptions (notably meadow browns, ringlets and marbled whites) butterflies prefer to fly in warm sunny weather, and wet summers can seriously reduce populations. Good places to see them depend on species and habitat, but knapweed and marjoram are popular flowers for them to feed on, as are remaining bramble blooms.
The most common varieties include the white butterflies that are colloquially known cabbage whites, though this term covers three distinct species - the large white, small white and green-veined white, all of which are on the wing in July. At the start of the month they are between generations and numbers of them can be very low, but then a new generation emerges and in the second half they can be very numerous - though sadly this has not often been true in recent years.
Telling the three species apart is not easy, as these are very energetic butterflies that never seem to sit still for long (and at first glance the female brimstone can look like one: see below). But the green-veined has a distinctive underwing which looks just as its name suggests, while the small white has smaller and paler black (or grey) tips to its upperwings.
On the large white the black markings extend around the corner of the upperwing, which is also true of the green-veined white, but in its case the markings get a bit more serrated as they extend along the wing edge. The green-veined also has slightly more prominent veins on its upperwings. In both the large and small white the females have two black spots on their upperwings, while the male has only one in the small white, and none in the large white.
Another very common butterfly in July is the meadow brown, which is found in grassland and on nearby hedgerows (eg on bramble flowers). It looks as brown as you might expect in flight, but when at rest the females also have a patch of orange on their upperwings (males have just a faint smudge of it). It lasts until the end of the month and beyond.
The meadow brown may be confused in flight with the ringlet, which is a darker, chocolate brown (at least when fresh) with circular markings. It is a bit smaller than the meadow brown - but be careful, as some meadow browns are also quite small. Ringlets are found in taller grassland near to hedgerows or field borders, mainly in the first half of the month, though sometimes later. They are slightly less widespread than the meadow brown, but nevertheless quite abundant. Like the meadow brown, they seem happy to fly on cloudy days.
In theory, the rings around the border of its upper hindwing should identify the ringlet easily, but in practice the upperwing markings on both meadow browns and ringlets fade as they get older, and the rings on male ringlets are fainter than on females, so the males of both species can end up with upperwings of a dull brown colour. Their different underwings - brown with rings on the ringlet, two shades of brown on the hindwing and orange with an eye on the forewing for the meadow brown - distinguish the two species absolutely, however.
Looking similar to the meadow brown, but smaller and with much more orange on its upperwings is the gatekeeper, which appears in the first or second week of July and is at its height in the second half. It is found along hedgerows, shrubby downland and sea cliffs, and it is particularly fond of feeding on bramble, if any is left in flower.
When at rest with its wings closed, the gatekeeper is easy to confuse with the meadow brown, as both species have an orange upper forewing with an eye, and a brown upper hindwing. The way to distinguish them is through the markings on this hindwing. In both species there is a lighter band towards the outer edge of the lower part, but on the gatekeeper it is thinner and a bit more meandering, and there is also another lighter patch near the top.
Migrants and second generations
Also to be found on hedgerows in July, as well as in all sorts of other habitats (they have a habit of turning up in the most unlikely places), is the colourful red admiral, a migrant to our shores, though at this time of year a homegrown second generation is appearing, born from eggs laid by the first arrivals in May.
These are then joined by further migrants in July, though numbers vary. 2017 was an excellent red admiral year, and in 2023 there was a dramatic upsurge in numbers in July after fairly small numbers in preceding months. In 2020 this was also the best month for them in an otherwise unspectacular year. 2021 and 2024 were respectable, 2019 and 2022 fairly poor, and 2018 very poor. The males sometimes patrol a territory and so if you disturb one, it is worth waiting a short while to see if it comes back.
In the first half of July you should also see small tortoiseshells, survivors of a generation that emerged in June. But this once common butterfly, with a charming habit of basking on rural paths, now seems to be almost extinct in the south east. They went into severe decline from 2016 to 2019, possibly due to the actions of a parasite. In 2020 and 2021 things seemed to improve, and that was also true in 2022, though in that year hot weather and drought meant the generation was over by the end of June. But 2023 and 2024 were catastrophic, with hardly any sightings.
In the past at least some of the small tortoiseshells on the wing in June or July would mate and produce a further generation later in August. But research suggests that most now go straight into hibernation, so as to emerge and mate early in spring when the parasite is not active.
The second half of July also sees a new generation of peacock butterflies, the offspring of the ones that mated in the spring. Still fairly common (though much less so than they used to be), they are particularly fond of buddleia flowers. Like the small tortoiseshells, they can go into hibernation as early as late July or early August (technically "diapause", a complete cessation of metabolic activity). Sheds and World War II pillboxes are favoured spots for this and you may just see them hanging upside down from the roofs of these later in the month.
Similar in appearance in some ways to the small tortoiseshell, but more colourful, is the painted lady, a migrant that travels in two or three generations from the mountains of Morocco to arrive in great abundance in some years, but only in small quantities in others. 2009 was a famously good year, as was 2019 in many parts of England, though in the south east there were only reasonable numbers. By contrast there were few in 2021, even fewer in 2018 and 2022, and they were almost entirely absent in 2017, 2020, 2023 and 2024.
As with the red admiral, painted ladies first arrive in May or June, and as July goes on a second generation appears, the offspring of the first arrivals. These are boosted by further migrants from the continent. Near the south coast seems to be a good place to spot them (my solitary 2020 sighting was on 22 July on Beachy Head, while in 2023 I saw three on the Eastbourne cliffs on 26 July) but they can be found inland as well.
Another migrant that comes over in small numbers is the clouded yellow, which has a habit of flying swiftly past without stopping. It can be identified in flight by its combination of orange and black upperwings and yellowy-green underwings. It always rests (when it rests at all) with its wings closed. It can in theory be seen in July, but August or even September is a better month to see one.
Otherwise, if you see a large pure yellow butterfly, then it is a brimstone, the second generation of which can start to appear from quite early in the month, later hibernating to emerge and breed early in spring. This is another butterfly that always seems to be in a hurry to get somewhere. The much whiter females can be confused with one of the cabbage white species - until they land, when their different wing shape is obvious.
If you see a flash of pure orange swooping across the hedgerow, the chances are that it is a comma - again a newly emerged second generation. These lovely creatures with their jagged-edged wings look just like a dead leaf when their wings are closed, but at this time of year they often perch on foliage with their wings open. Like red admirals, the males patrol a particular territory, so if you see one that flies off, wait and it will often swoop back to the same spot.
As with small tortoiseshells, if the summer is wet the July commas will go straight to hibernation, emerging to breed in the spring. But in good summers they produce a variant with more orangey underwings, which may go on to spawn a further generation in August or September.
Woodland butterflies
The black-on-orange markings of the comma are very similar to another striking category of butterflies - the fritillaries. The one you can see in woodland glades in July is the magnificent silver-washed fritillary, one of our largest butterflies, the male of which has distinctive streaks of black on its orange wings. They fly in a characteristic stately glide.
The broad track through Homefield Wood near Marlow is a good place to see this butterfly: other sites include Bookham Common, Ashtead and Epsom Commons and Norbury Park and Fetcham Downs near Dorking. The female lacks the streaks and is more olive in hue, making it look like a different species. A rare female variant, the valezina, is entirely olive-green.
Bookham, Epsom and Ashtead Commons are also a good place to spot another elusive woodland butterfly, the white admiral, which has a rapid, purposeful flight, visits bramble flowers on woodland rides, and lays eggs on honeysuckle. It is at its best in the first two thirds of the month. It has beautifully patterned underwings, if you are lucky enough to catch a glimpse of them.
You have to be very lucky to see the purple emperor, the UK's largest butterfly. It normally confines itself to the top of large oak trees in woodland, but can come down onto paths in the morning to gather minerals from mud or dog poo. Bookham and Epsom Commons are possible places to see them, but they are also a specialty of the Knepp Wildland south of Horsham, which even has special viewing platforms in favoured oak trees and runs purple emperor safaris in early July.
It is the male purple emperor that you normally see, whose upperwings have iridescent purple hues if seen in the right light. The plainer but larger female is even more elusive but comes down from the oak trees to lay eggs on sallow (goat willow). Both genders could be confused at a casual glance with the white admiral.
Another treetop specialist is the purple hairstreak. This is a small, relatively common butterfly that is on the wing throughout July, but spends most of its time around the tops of oak trees. It may sometimes descend to lower perches, however. The underside of its wings is grey, with one orange eye spot, and unlike other hairstreaks it may rest with its wings open, sometimes showing wonderful purple markings, but otherwise appearing a chocolate brown. Bookham and Ashtead Commons are a good place to see it.
There is also a white-letter hairstreak, which has brown upperwings (always closed when at rest) and white and orange highlights on its lighter brown underwings. Its caterpillars feed on elm leaves and so it was hard hit by Dutch Elm Disease in the 1970s. Today it is said to be recovering, living on hedgerow elms and wych elm, but is another elusive treetop species. Your best hope of seeing one is when it comes down to feed on bramble or thistle flowers. Redhill Common, Chilworth Gunpowder Works and (surprisingly) Tooting Common are strongholds.
Right at the end of the month brown hairstreaks are also possible, though August is a more usual time. These have lovely orange underwings, with females also having an orange patch on their upperwings. This is another species that mainly stays in the treetops, clustering around ash trees, while the caterpillars feed on neighbouring blackthorn bushes. But they may just be seen when the female comes down to lay eggs, or when nectaring at ground level on thistle or hemp agrimony. Bookham Common and Pewley Down near Guildford are two noted sites for this.
Heath fritillaries may also survive into July in Blean Wood in Kent, one of their few national strongholds, while in Oaken Wood (and surrounding woods) to the south west of Chiddingfold in Surrey, or if you are on holiday in East Devon, you may just see a wood white later in the month. It is much smaller other whites, and has a very flaccid, feeble flight. Its main breeding season is May and early June, but in good summers it can have a second generation in the second half of July and into August.
By far the most widespread woodland species, however, is the speckled wood, which has brown wings with yellow spots. Unlike the others mentioned it is easy enough to see in shady places throughout the south east, having a pleasing habit of basking on sunny leaves. This butterfly has overlapping generations, since it overwinters as both a pupae and an adult, and so is sometimes quite abundant in July, while in other years numbers are fairly sparse.
Downland butterflies
Perhaps the best habitat of all in which to see butterflies in July, however, is downland. Abundant species include meadow browns already mentioned above, as well as ringlets on downland edges near trees or hedgerows, and gatekeepers on scrubby downland.
The star attraction, however, is the lovely marbled white, whose black-on-white markings make it one of the easiest butterflies to identify. In the first three weeks of the month you can see them in large numbers in favoured locations (including lowland grassland as well as downland), though numbers tail off after this. They have many charming habits, including perching on knapweed or scabious flowers, engaging in wing fluttering contests to see if mating will take place, or roosting upside down on a blade of grass or flower stalk. This is another butterfly that can still be seen on the wing even on dull days.
Downland is also the place to see another fritillary - the dark green fritillary, which is at its best in the first half of the month, though can be seen later. Good sites include the bottom of the landward facing slopes behind Belle Tout lighthouse near Birling Gap, on Bacombe Hill near Wendover, at Hutchinson's and Chapel Banks on the southern edge of Croydon, and on Box Hill.
Despite its name, the dark-green fritillary's upperwings are bright orange, its inaccurate moniker coming from the striking green and silver markings on its underwing. You would need to study them carefully to spot the difference between it and the silver-washed fritillary mentioned above (it lacks the silver-washed's streaks, for example), but usually this is not necessary as the dark-green lives in a quite different habitat.
Be careful, though, as if there is a woodland bordering the downland, a silver-washed fritillary might just emerge from it to feed on bramble. The male dark-green fritillary can also feed on bramble, but otherwise favours knapweed and thistles, on which it makes very brief pitstops during its very fast and purposeful flight. The females, once mated, behave quite differently from the males, fluttering close to the ground and looking for places to lay their eggs: these tend to be the ones you see later in the month.
If you see what looks like a fritillary with a dark eye on its wing, it is a wall (sometimes known as a wall brown): in flight they can also look like a very determined and rapid-flying meadow brown, though when (or rather if) they stop, the difference between the two butterflies is very obvious. Once common across the south east, they are sadly now only found near coasts.
Look out for walls in the second half of the month on the cliff tops between Dover and Kingsdown, in the grazed area in Folkestone Warren and on the cliffs between there and Dover, and on the South Downs behind Lancing (Lancing Ring) and Shoreham-by-Sea (Mill Hill Reserve and Anchor Bottom). They are also fairly common on Portland Bill near Weymouth and on the south coast of the Isle of Wight.
Look closely in July and you can also see small tiny orange butterflies flitting about in grassland or nearby hedgerows. One family of these - the skippers - look more like moths than butterflies, with a whirring flight and a most un-butterfly-like habit of double stacking their upperwings when at rest. The three species most widely seen in July are the large, small or essex skippers, and they are all common until the third week or so, and occasionally seen afterwards.
Telling these three skippers apart takes really close examination. The large skipper (which is still very small) has darker patches on its upperwings and is often seen on or near hedgerows, though with grassland nearby. The small and essex skipper are a more pure orange, though still with dark borders, and more likely to be seen in tall grass. These latter two species can only be told apart by the underside of the tips of their antennae, which are brown in the small skipper and black in the essex skipper.
Even that does not quite do it, because some small skippers have black antenna ends with tiny brown tip: the essex skipper has lighter antennae which look as if they have been dipped in black ink at the tip. All of this is hard to see with the naked eye and you often can only tell small and essex skippers apart if you take a photograph and enlarge it. One slightly more visible difference in males is that small skippers have a slightly curved dark line on their wings (a "sex brand") while on the essex skipper it is dead straight.
Just to make life extra interesting, the hills around Lulworth in Dorset have their very own species, the lulworth skipper. Location usually helps you identify this butterfly (though be careful, because small skippers may also be present), but the deciding characteristics are the crescent-shaped marking on the upperwings, more prominent in the female than the male, plus the fact that they are overall a bit less orangey than their cousins. July is a particularly good month to see them and on grassy slopes facing the sea it can be very abundant.
Also found on chalk downland slopes with short grass (as opposed to the longer grass favoured by large, small and Essex skippers) and then only in a very few locations in the south east (for example Colley Hill near Reigate, Brockham Quarry, the lower slopes of Ranmore Common and the southern slopes of Box Hill) is the silver-spotted skipper. The chief characteristic of this tiny butterfly is the speed of its flight - it is almost like watching a grasshopper jump. It appears in late July and carries on into August and so has little or no overlap with the three more common skipper species. Firm identification comes from the white squares on the tips of its wings (both upper and underwings).
Both grizzled and dingy skippers can also have a small second generation late in the month on short turf downland, but these are very elusive. Other tiny butterflies you may see are the small copper, which has large orange patches with dark spots on its upperwings, and the small heath, which looks pale orange in flight but like a tiny version of the gatekeeper or meadow brown when at rest with its wings closed.
Both these are between generations in July but still occasionally seen, in the case of the small heath usually at the very start or end of the month, while the small copper is more likely in the second half. The small heath is only found close to the ground and never rests with its wings open, so if you see a tiny orange butterfly with its wings open it is a skipper or small copper.
Many shades of blue
Downland in July is also a good place to see the wonderful - but very small - blue butterflies. The most widespread of these is the common blue, which is also found in various grassy habitats, but at the start of the month it is between generations, so any you see then will probably be rather tatty survivors from June. Later in the month a new generation appears.
Common blues look an intense blue in flight (though can look slightly mauve when you see them at rest), but if you see a bright blue butterfly near shrubs, and especially near ivy or bramble, it is a holly blue, the second generation of which appears in July, though numbers vary greatly from year to year.
Apart from the habitat, you can distinguish holly blues from common blues by the fact that they fly at waist height and above (common blues always stick close to the ground) and because they have light blue underwings (in common blues they are beige with black spots and a blush of blue at the base), which can make them look silvery in flight. The holly blue also has a dark border to its upper forewing, smaller in the male but quite large and prominent in the female.
Female common blues look completely different to their males, being chocolate brown (sometimes blushed to varying degrees with dark blue) with tiny orange markings around the wing edges. As such they are easy to confuse with the brown argus, which has similar markings, is also found on downland, and is also more likely later in the month than earlier.
The male brown argus can be distinguished from the female common blue by its smaller size (ie very small indeed!), though the female brown argus is larger and so similar in size to the female common blue. The scallops on the edge of the common blue female's wings are different, however, having some white around their black spots, which is absent in the brown argus: it also never has the bluish tints on its upperwing that female common blues can have. In addition the brown argus has a small slightly darker spot on each upper forewing, and is in general a neater, smarter butterfly than the common blue female.
There is also another blue butterfly that appears on downland towards the end of July - the chalk hill blue. Not found in the UK outside the south of England, it is nevertheless fairly common in the south east, and can be very numerous (two or three hundred in one location) in the spots its favours (try Castle Hill Reserve near Lewes, the southern slopes of Pewley Down near Guildford, the downland slopes between Otford and Shoreham in Kent, or the lower slopes of Ranmore Common near Dorking).
The male chalk hill is a noticeably lighter blue than the common blue male in flight - it can even look white in certain lights, which is a sure clue to identification as no white butterfly is so small. It is a bit larger than the common blue, though still fairly small. Once it lands it is surprising how blue the chalk hill male's upperwings are. They have a distinctive dark border and dark veins.
The female chalk hill is another brown butterfly distressingly similar to the common blue female and brown argus, though with fainter orange wing border spots on its upper forewing, and very different brown colouring (with black and orange spots) on its underwing. It tends to keep a low profile, hiding near the ground, and can usually be identified by the presence of chalk hill blue males nearby.
Much more elusive blue species you may just see in July include the small blue (which actually has brown upperwings and greyish underwings, and is very very tiny): it can have a small second generation in late July. Meanwhile particularly early in the month, but very occasionally later (June is its main flight time) you may just see the silver-studded blue. It lives on heather and is pretty much confined to the Surrey heathlands (try Whitmoor, Fairmile or Puttenham Commons, or Hindhead Common near Haslemere).
In the same habitat in the second half the month (possibly earlier) you may just be lucky enough to spot the grayling. This heathland butterfly is so well camouflaged that you only see it when it moves: one on the ground can be invisible even if it is just one metre in front of your nose. You really need to go on a sunny day to a location where it is known to be present to have any chance of seeing it, though it can fly on duller days too. Try Dawney Heath near Purbright, Chobham Common, Frensham Common near Farnham, or Stoborough Heath near Wareham.
Day flying moths
There are nearly 2500 species of moth in the UK (as opposed to just 64 of butterflies), 900 of which are of a size large enough to be noticed by the casual walker. Most of them fly at night, but there are quite a few which fly by day, or are easily disturbed from their daytime slumber by a passing walker. Some you might even confuse at a casual glance for a small butterfly, but one characteristic that marks them out is their tendency to head straight for cover when disturbed, whereas butterflies evade unwanted attentions through their erratic flight.
An exception to this rule are six-spot burnets, whose lurid red-on-black wings indicate to predators that they are poisonous to eat, meaning they have no need to conceal themselves. They have a whirling helicopter flight and like to feed on ragwort and knapweed, which makes them a very common sight on downland.
If you look closely earlier in the month you might also see the caterpillars of the cinnabar moth on ragwort. They are striped a bright orange and black, but are perfectly camouflaged on this garish plant. The moth itself - which is black with red markings and bright red hindwings - can also sometimes be seen by day.
Otherwise white carpet moths can be seen during July - small white moths that fly up as you pass and invariably head straight for the nearest shrub to hide. The common carpet is between generations this month, but survivors from the last one may appear at the start of the month or early arrivals of the next one at its end. Silver-ground carpets also last into July, and for chalk carpets (found on chalk downland) this month is the start of their flight season.
Also white is the lovely delicate lace border, a night-flying moth sometimes disturbed by day and found only in chalk grassland on the Kent and Surrey North Downs. It reappears at the end of the month after a generation gap.
Brown moths include the shaded broad bar, while the treble bar, which reappears after a generation gap at the end of the month, is striped grey: both are found on grassland of various types. Also grey is the silver Y, which sometimes invades in large numbers (they migrate from North Africa, catching high altitude winds and travelling up to 800km in a night) and can be seen particularly on downland, but also elsewhere, where their whirring flight is what usually catches your eye. You may also see a yellow shell.
In addition, since 2017 there has been a regular influx of jersey tigers in the south-east. In the hot summer of 2022 they were particularly numerous and widespread. Formerly found mainly in the south west, this is a very large moth with black and white striped upperwings and striking orange lower wings revealed when in flight: when it can be confused with a whole range of butterflies, including the red admiral, painted lady and silver-washed fritillary. It is often spotted in gardens.
On the south coast - I have seen them on seafront flowers in Eastbourne, Folkestone and Broadstairs - you may also be lucky enough to catch sight of the hummingbird hawkmoth, an occasional migrant from the continent (though once again, very numerous and widespread in the summer of 2022). It does indeed look like a hummingbird, hovering in mid air to put its long proboscis into flowers such as red valerian and buddleia.
Notice also the numerous very tiny white grass moths which flit about in grass, particularly on downland, disappearing on landing by snapping shut to perfectly resemble a piece of grass or twig. There are various species of these including the garden grass veneer and the rosy-striped knot-horn.
Another very tiny moth is the mint moth, also known as the small purple and gold moth for its purple-brown wings with yellowish patches. It likes to feed on downland herbs such as marjoram and thyme. Of similar size and also found on downland and heathland is the small purple-barred.
Look out also for plume moths, which have thin wings and look a bit like a crane fly. The common plume is the most likely one to see, but there is a strange and rare white plume which mainly flies at night but can sometimes be seen at dusk.
To identify other day flying moths see the Butterfly Conservation website.
Insects
Plenty of other insects are also in evidence in July, including flies of many different kinds and sizes, such as the green blow flies on hedgerow shrubs and house flies annoying you by getting trapped in your house. Flowers such as thistle, knapweed, burdock and ragwort can attract great concentrations of them.
Bumble bee colonies last about two to three months, so can be starting to break up in July, but this seems to vary from place to place and year to year. Some years there is a noticeable decline in numbers this month and in others they carry on into August.
Once the colonies break-up you should start to see new queens (larger, not so obsessed with gathering pollen, and not surrounded by other identical bees), as well as males. The latter emerge in mid to late summer, fly away from their nests and never return. Their entire purpose is to find a queen to mate with, though only 1 in 10 succeed. Since they have no home, they sleep on flowers.
Honeybees continue to be numerous where there are good pollen sources. They can be distinguished from solitary bees by their communal hum. This is another month when you may see a honeybee swarm, in which the colony splits and part of it flies off to find a new home. (This is how honeybees spread and reproduce.) While they are searching for a new nest site, they congregate in vast numbers around a tree or even a fence post. This is a scary sight, but they are not aggressive in this state unless you do something to alarm them.
There are also still some solitary bee species around, but identifying them is hard since many hoverflies have also evolved to look like bees to avoid predators. Indeed, if you hear what you think is the sound of a honeybee swarm in a wood, it might every well be coming from common banded hoverflies. These apparently sit on leaves in woods rubbing their wings, producing a humming sound.
The more you look at hoverflies, the more amazing their variety is. Some are large and striking such as the pellucid and hornet mimic hoverflies, while others have striking designs, such as tapered drone flies with their pointed abdomens, or the footballer (at its peak this month), with its stripy thorax which is supposed to look like a football shirt. Equally there are many tiny hoverfly species (the cute marmalade being one), a whole world of which we are barely aware.
Towards the end of the month wasps can start to become a nuisance: see August butterflies and insects for an explanation for this.
Many other insects elude identification. The air can be full of tiny flying critters of one sort or another, and when you sit down after a walk or a cycle on a hot day there can be a column of them circling over your sweaty head. Look also at flower heads to see the minuscule creatures that crawl over them - a whole ecosystem that largely escapes our attention. Less cheerfully, you may return from days out to find your legs or arms covered with tiny insect bites.
July is also the first of the two most probable months in which to experience a swarm of flying ants - common garden ants in their mating phase. They emerge on warm still days in enormous numbers, so many that they can sometimes be seen from weather satellites. Close-up they can sometimes resemble clouds of drifting seeds, and you may also find them when swimming in the sea, floating on the water like lots of dead flies (though if you fish them out, they are not always dead...). Being unused to the air, they are quite clumsy fliers.
This month is another good one for dragonflies and damselflies, though the latter are getting scarcer as the month goes on. Both are normally associated with rivers and ponds, but in fact can be found surprisingly far from water - for example on bramble bushes.
Damselflies are delicate hovering sticks, often of iridescent blue (common blue damselfly and the very similar-looking azure damselfly), while the white-legged damselfly is a pale blue. The females of these species are green, black and white-brown respectively). There is also a blue-tailed damselfly (black with a blue tip), and large and small red damselflies.
Another very common type of damselfly - the striking blue banded demoiselle, with dark patches on its wings that make a hypnotic pattern in flight - can be found positioning itself for mating on blades of foliage overlooking rivers. Females of this species are a metallic green tinged with gold.
Related, but found further away from water, is the beautiful demoiselle, whose males have more solid black wings and metallic blue bodies, while the females have brown wings and a metallic green body.
Dragonflies, meanwhile, hunt rapidly through the air, often flying back and forwards across a territory. Identifying them is hard as they rarely sit still and have 360 degree vision that makes it difficult to creep up on them for a closer look.
However, the striking southern hawker with its body dotted with green and blue patches is worth looking out for, as is the similar but smaller migrant hawker. The enormous blue and green emperor is also always an exciting sight. In addition note the common and ruddy darter, whose males have bright red bodies while the females are a greeny-yellow, and blue-tailed species such as the broad-bodied chaser and black-tailed skimmer.
If walking past hogweed flowers look out for the common red soldier beetle, also known as the "hogweed bonking beetle" for its habit of mating (and sometimes gathering in "orgies") on this flower. It can also be seen on wild carrot, angelica, parsnip, ragwort and hedge parsley. The striking yellow spotted longhorn beetle can occasionally be seen mating on similar plants. Another very colourful beetle is the iridescent green rose chafer - not common, but an exciting sight.
Grass in July can be alive with grasshoppers and crickets, which you usually notice when they jump away from your feet as you walk, and crane flies, which flit among the grass stalks. Notice also the sheet webs on grassland (produced by various species of spider including tiny money spiders) and the funnel-like webs of labyrinth spiders in the same habitat.
Native ladybirds, such as the familiar seven-spot, are emerging as adults as the month goes on (they breed in May and June), and if you look closely you may also see tiny and elusive species such as the orange or yellow fourteen-spot. In the 2010s there was a panic over the invasive harlequin ladybird, which was supposedly vigorously mating throughout the summer and outcompeting our native species throughout the summer. However since 2020 they seem to have been relatively absent.
You may also come across instars (juvenile stages) or newly emerged adults of dock or shield bugs (eg green shield or hairy shield/sloe bugs) during the month - for example when picking blackberries. Look down on still freshwater and you may see a gathering of pondskaters, creating tiny ripples as they vibrate their legs on the water surface.
More July pages:
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